This table contains the obtained values of machining tolerance and surface roughness according to the machining or cutting process, these process collectively termed as "material removal processes".

The process (table order):
1- Electro-Discharge Wire Cutting.
2- Band Sawing.
3- Circular Sawing.
4- Cropping / Guillotining.
5- Sheet Metal.
6- Water Jet Cutting.
7- Oxyfuel Gas Cutting.
8- Plasma Arc Cutting.
9- Chemical Machining.
10- Chemical Polishing.
11- Electro-Chemical Machining.
12- Electro-Discharge Machining.
13- Electron Beam Machining.
14- Electropolishing.
15- Abrasive Jet Machining.
16- Abrasive Grinding / Polishing.
17- Broaching.
18- Drilling.
19- Honing.
20- Lapping.
21- Millimg (CNC).
22- Milling (Manual).
23- Planing / Shaping.
24- Reaming.
25- Turning / Boring (CNC).
26- Turning / Boring (Manual).
27- Ultrasonic Machining.
28- Laser Beam Machining.

It's a technique innovated by Fabrisonic company, which is a solid-state 3D-printing process for metals that uses sound waves to merge layers of metal foil. The process produces true metallurgical bonds with full density and works with a variety of metals—including but not limited to aluminum, copper, stainless steel, and titanium.

The UAM process involves building up of solid metal objects by ultrasonically welding a succession of metal tapes into a three-dimensional shape, to create the detailed features of the resultant object. The rolling ultrasonic welding system consists of ultrasonic transducers and a (welding) horn. The vibrations of the transducers are transmitted to the disk-shaped welding horn, which in turn creates an ultrasonic solidstate weld between the thin metal tape and baseplate. The continuous rolling of the horn over the plate welds the entire tape to the plate.
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By welding a succession of tapes, first side-by-side and then one on top of the other (making sure to stagger layers so that the seams do not overlap), it is possible to build a solid metal part. A machining operation adds features to the part, removes excess tape material. Thus, the so-called “additive manufacturing” involves both additive and subtractive steps to arrive at a final part shape.

Explaining video for the process:

Engineers have long used stress-strain curves to uncover a host of material properties. The curves are created by plotting the results of tensile strength tests of material samples, putting stress (force divided by area) on the y-axis and strain (stretch divided by gage or original length) on the x-axis. Some of the key material properties the curve can reveal include the material’s elastic limit, along with the elastic and plastic ranges, the yield point, ultimate and rupture strengths, and the moduli of resilience and toughness.

Sometimes, however, engineers must interpolate between data points to get those performance figures. Often a stiffness-strain curve tensile test result defines some material properties more precisely. It puts stiffness (change in stress divided by change in strain) on the y-axis and strain on the x-axis. In effect, it graphs the slope of the stress-strain curve as a function of strain.

The two graphs show the stress-strain curve (left) and the stiffness-strain curve (right) of a low-carbon steel. On the traditional stress-strain curve, engineers must measure the slope of the initial portion of the curve to determine the stiffness. On the stiffness-strain curve, engineers directly take the y-intercept as the stiffness value.

The stiffness-strain plot used the same data as the stress-strain curve, but for the clearest representation, engineers might need to use and expanded scale. They can do this by using more data points from the test results on curved portions and parts of the graph with the features of interest. Or they can increase the number of data points by using a program that generates intermediate point as using a suitable algorithm.

​Founded by industrial engineers, Nexa3D has developed and patented the self-Lubricant Sublayer Photocuring (LSPc) technology, cutting down the printing time to 1 minute per centimetre while achieving highest precision. The technology seems to work similar to Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) technology -this technology was explained beforehand-, creating objects in a continuous process without layers.

Unlike conventional bottom-up 3D printing systems, LSPc interposes a transparent self-lubricating film between the bottom of the tank, the photo-curing resin and the light source. By gradually releasing a layer of oil, this enables the finished resin to solidify while suspended on the substrate. This sublayer of oil prevents newly formed layers from sticking to the build platform and eliminates the need for extraction systems used in conventional technologies.

Explaining Video for the process: